Saturday, January 11, 2020
Casualization and Its Effects in Kenya
Impact of Labor Laws in Mitigating Effects of casualisation in Kenya Humphrey Mwangi             HD333-BOI-1413/2009 Franklin Mutwiri             HD333-BOI-1604/2009 Patrick Mutai             HD333-BOI-0087/2009 John Warihe             HD333-BOI-1268/2009 Susan Awuor             HD333-BOI-1222/2009 Mary Mumira             HD333-BOI-1246/2009 James Otunga             HD333-BOI-1421/2009 Kevin Kariuki             HD333-BOI-1249/2009 Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology CBD Campus Presented to E. O. Achoch Abstract This study explores and examines the actual impact of labor legislation in mitigating the disturbing issue of casualisation of work in Kenya. The increase in casualisation in the country is a subject of great controversy. Increasingly casual employees are filling positions that are permanent in nature. Behind employee vulnerability in the country is the high levels of unemployment and accompanying poverty. Poverty has bred a dangerous work environment where many desperate job seekers in the labor force are willing to take any job for survival purposes rather than dignity. This is a big challenge for trade unions in their pursuit to protect and advance workers’ rights and foster decent work conditions. The study attempts to cover the following as per the terms of reference: What exactly is casualisation of work, How wide spread is it in Kenya, What difference has new provision in labor legislation made on casuals according to gender, occupation, status etc, How Labor Laws Have Affected Aspects Of Casual Workers rights, do labor laws affect the family of casual workers communities and local stakeholders such as trade union and NGO’s and what are the views of employers’ in terms of impact of labor laws and casualisation of work and their sustainability. Keywords: Federation of Kenyan Employers, Standard Employment Regulation Impact of Labor Laws in Mitigating Effects of casualisation in Kenya Collins Dictionary defines casualisation as altering of working practices so that regular workers are re-employed on a casual or short-term basis. Casual employment is also referred in some literatures as â€Å"precariousness†a familiar term in employment (Burgess and Campbell 1998; Weller and Webber 2001; Hunter 2006). Precariousness is seen in terms of bundles of job characteristics to do with insecurity and poor quality of life. It is characterized with lack of regulatory protection and working time insecurity Casualisation of a workforce is therefore reduction in full or part time employees and their replacement with employees who are called in on an as-needed or casual basis. This can reduce the employees working conditions by reducing the commitment from the employer to them, and giving the employer opportunities to control them by reducing their hours. Casual workers can be more difficult for employers to manage as they have no guarantee of finding available employees at any time, but they have the advantage of only employing people when they have the work for them An elastic approach to casualisation refer to non-standard and non-permanent employment relationships such as temporary work, fixed term contracts, seasonal work and subcontracting or outsourcing. It is also important to make a further distinction between casuals that are employed directly by the company or those that are supplied through outsourcing and subcontracting arrangements. Typically support services such as cleaning and catering and in some cases transportation and distribution and security are subcontracted. According to Okougbo (2004) casualisation of work is characterized by demand for employment which is highly variable such as port work, farm work, farm migratory work and other jobs of unskilled intermittent nature. He further states that contract labor is a form of involuntary servitude for a period of time. Labor and service contracts are terms used by management to describe contract labor. Management sometimes refers to it as â€Å"body shop†or â€Å"direct hire†while other refer to contract labor as service providers. Neo-liberal market restructuring globally and in the region is the driving force behind the sharp increase in casualisation. Neo-liberalism seeks to deregulate markets including the labor market to increase labor flexibility. In short, employers want the freedom to pay low wage, change the number of workers and how and when work is conducted thus this is casualisation. According to the employment act (2007) If an employee works for a period or a number of continuous working days which amount in the aggregate to the equivalent of not less than one month, or performs work which can not reasonably be expected to be completed within a period, or a number of working days amounting in the aggregate to the equivalent of three months or more, then the contract of service of the casual employee shall be deemed to be one where wages are paid monthly and section 35 (1) (c) shall apply to that contract of service. Labor Relations Act which prescribes that casual worker should be employed permanently after three months of continuous work besides which employees are supposed to be provided with medical and housing benefits. The Act also stipulate that an employee whose contract of service has been converted in accordance with subsection (1) (Employment Act, 2007) and who works continuously for two months or more from the date of employment as a casual employee shall be entitled to such terms and conditions of service as he / she would have been entitled to under this Act (Employment Act, 2007) had he not initially been employed as a casual employee. These include:- †¢ Notice. Where the contract is to pay wages or salary periodically at intervals of or exceeding one month, a contract is terminable by either party at the end of the period of twenty-eight days next following the giving of notice in writing †¢ Working hours. An employer shall regulate the working hours of each employee in accordance with the provisions of this Act and any other written law. Rest period. According to the employment Act subsection (1), an employee shall be entitled to at least one rest day in every period of seven days. Annual leave. After every twelve consecutive months of service with his employer to not less than twenty-one working days of leave with full pay †¢ Maternity leave. A female employee shall be entitled to three months maternity leave with full pay. The female employee shall have the right to return to the job which she held immediately prior to her maternity leave or to a reasonably suitable job on terms and conditions no t less favorable than those which would have applied had she not been on maternity leave. A male employer shall be entitled to two weeks paternity leave with full pay. †¢ Sick leave. After two consecutive months of service with his employer, an employee shall be entitled to sick leave of not less than seven days with full pay and thereafter to sick leave of seven days with half pay. †¢ Medical attention. Subject to subsection (2), an employer shall ensure the provision sufficient and of proper medicine for his employees during illness and if possible, medical attendance during serious illness. †¢ Service pay. The casual shall be entitled to service pay for every year worked, the terms of which shall be fixed. The wage bill in the private sector, a key driver of household consumption, is increasingly dipping as most employers opt for casual workers to cushion themselves against a harsh business environment. Despite stiff regulations introduced last year to protect casual workers from exploitation, thus making hiring of such employees expensive, Government statistics (GOK, 2006) show that casual employment grew by 13 per cent last year compared to a five per cent growth in 2007. Comparatively, the levels of regular employment dipped 2. 9 per cent in 2008, reflecting employers' preference of hiring casuals during the period, says the 2009 Economic Survey (GOK 2009). Casual workers accounted for 32 per cent of total wage employment. As a result of this preference, the private sector wage bill grew by a measly 10 per cent, compared to a 14. 6 per cent rise in 2007. This is attributed to increased use of casual laborers whose pay is usually lower than that of regular employees. The economy is also gradually sliding into a largely casual employment which could have dire implications in the already turbulent labor market,. This would reduce domestic consumption as households will have less to spend, thus reducing demand in the productive sectors and hampering poverty eradication. The Enactment of the Employment Act by Kenyan parliament roots for better protection of casual laborers by making it mandatory for employers to remit statutory deductions to the National Social Security Fund (NSSF) and the National Hospital Insurance Fund (NHIF). Previously, casual and contract workers – who constitute the majority of Kenyan workforce and include house-helps, watchmen, matatu touts and building and construction workers did not qualify for most of the benefits that are available to permanent employees. There is also a bigger risk of lay -offs for casual workers to escape the statutory contributions. The greatest impact that the new laws have had in the labor market is to push employers towards outsourcing the services of workers they would ordinarily employ as casuals to cut costs. This had negatively affected the job market in that companies cannot absorb more jobs and worse still, they have to cut their marketing and advertising budgets to cope. Casual employment remains the cheapest way of engaging workers, especially so at these hard economic times when employers focus is on taming labor costs. But the flipside is that we might end up with lower revenues from income tax if the labor market was to be largely made up of casuals. The purchasing power for families will also reduce drastically. Hired on short-term contracts, casual workers strive to fulfill production quotas for long working hours under poor working conditions and low wages, often without maternity or sick leave, housing and medical allowances. Most of them are denied right to join trade unions and basic services like water while some are victims of reported sexual harassment at the work place. They face stiff penalties for mistakes, work while sitting or standing for between eight and twelve hours daily, with only a forty five minute break in between, in order to beat the quota set by supervisors Kugler et al (2003). Their daily pay is between Sh120 and Sh160 but a percentage is deducted ostensibly for social security or hospital insurance contributions, which rarely benefit them (GOK, 2003). Casual labor market is perpetuated by lack of any permanent, on-going attachment between employer and worker (Ralph C. 1960). Where this condition exists and where entry of worker is easy due to low skill requirements and the absence of institutional barriers, the labor market is likely to accumulate a chronic surplus of supply. The resultant highly competitive market is conducive to corrupt hiring practice and a wide variety of other social evils. Casual workers provide cover at short notice for the absence of permanent staff. Some may belong to an area â€Å"pool†of relief workers who are contracted when work becomes available. The key characteristics of a casual worker are; †¢ They are offered work for a specific day or session only †¢ They have no right to be offered work beyond that day or session There is no regularity of work. It is characterized with lack of regulatory protection and working-time insecurity (Tham, 2007). In contrast to standard employment, there’s little right to protection against unfair dismissal and no right to notice in case of dismissal (O’Donnell, 2004). As a result casual tends to have even less employment security than fixed term employees since they can be dismissed with ease at almost any time. This greatly affects their financial proposition as they are not sure of their fate-they literally live a day at a time. Most dramatically, casual employment is exempted from almost all rights and benefits that have come to be attached to â€Å"permanent†contracts. These include such basic entitlements as annual leave, sick leave and payment for public holidays (Watson et al, 2003). The main attribute is a simple entitlement to wage enhanced in some cases by so called casual loading on the hourly rate of pay. Precariousness has several dimensions but ultimately two of which impact greatly on casual labor rights. These include; †¢ Lack of regulatory protection Working-time insecurity Other critical dimensions may include low and irregular earnings and employment insecurity which statues are overwhelmingly silent on. Statutory regulations has played only a limited role in establishing a standard employment regulation (SER) through the provision of dynamic standards to support a platform of â€Å"decent†work (Cooney et al, 2006). However, it is a complicated and layered system leaving sizeable gaps as a result of poor coverage, poor enforcement and exemptions. The award system provides a large array of rights and entitlements for employees but these are generally confined to full time permanent (standard) employees (Campbell, 2004). These clauses permit casual employment under certain limitations and then specify that casual workers are exempted from most rights entitlements starting with employment protections such as rights to notice and compensation for dismissal. This lack of regulatory protection is not confined to non-standard work. It can also apply to parts of standard workforce where gaps in protection have been eroded. Standardized working time arrangements are central to SER. Deviations from the norms centered on working hours involves; †¢ irregular work hour both in number and timing †¢ overly short †¢ overly long These represent a much change in present period, drains employees, control over work and sponsoring increased working-time insecurity. Another central feature of casual employment is the ability of employers to determine the number and timing of hours and to alter these at short notice. Casuals appears here as easily available, easily deployed in workplace and then easily disposable (Walsh et al, 1999). Negotiation of working hours is commonly a rather fraught process in which workers are often reluctant to refuse shifts-even at short notice and even at inconvenient times-for fear of jeopardizing future offers (Pocock et al, 2004). According to Barone (2001) there do exists various institutional arrangements that can provide employment protection; the private market, labor legislation, collective bargaining arrangements and contractual provisions. Some forms of de facto regulations are also likely to be adopted even in the absence of legislation simply because both workers and firms can derive advantages from long-term employment relations (OECD,1999). This is invariably averse to employment protection legislation which has of recent days been seen to shut its doors on plight of casuals (Kugler et al,2003). Employer’s opinion on casualisation can also be deduced from Federation of Kenyan Employers which is a registered umbrella body of employers in Kenya. FKE has duties such as; to encourage the principle of sound industrial relations and observance of fair labor practices as well as to promote sound management practices amongst employers through training, research and consultancy services and adoption of best practices. FKE was established in January 1969 in response to the activities of the then-Kenya Federation of Labor, which had unified the trade union movement into a single entity. The employers felt they needed an organization that could represent them on major social and economic issues. Since then, the Federation has gained considerable strength and power. It started as a body with only 161 employers; today it represents about 3,000. On the thorny issue of casual labor, the group has few real answers. Since a large number of Kenya's industries are seasonal in nature, like agriculture, hotels, restaurants, plantations and other related businesses, it is very difficult to eliminate casual labor entirely. According to the employment act (2007) cap 35 (a) casual staff can be employed by a company if the contract will not exceed the three month agreement for casual staffing stipulated by the labor law. If there is to be a continuation of the person in the position beyond the three month agreement, the employer is expected to give a contract letter to the individual stipulating the terms of employment. Accordingly FKE (2007) casualisation is rife in the country; but most of the companies perpetuating the offence are not mainly its members, so this has limited what the organization can do about it. However, many employers argue that due to economic hardship not only witnessed in Kenya but globally, they are forced to employ their workers as casuals because they will not afford to sustain them in the long run. Many companies usually have periods of booming and recessions in there businesses and such will determine employment of staff. Some industrial companies employ workers as casual for two months then they relieve them of their duties and hire new staffs. The treatment of â€Å"casuals,†says COTU Secretary-General, Francis Atwoli (2009), â€Å"has haunted the trade union movement for many years and is a throwback to the colonial era when workers were classified as casual people†. Atwoli believes the Kenyan labor movement could be strengthened if the casuals were allowed to unionize. To this end, COTU is now negotiating with the government to organize casual workers regardless of their salaries. COTU also wants all casual workers to become eligible for the benefits that permanent workers get: worker's compensation, housing and pensions. The COTU secretary-general recently flayed FKE for advocating that the government should institute more controls on wages. Atwoli sees such a move as an obstacle to expansion in industry. He argues that if workers are poorly paid, their purchasing power will remain low and they will not be able to afford manufactured goods. This will keep manufacturers from expanding and new jobs will remain an unfulfilled goal. Observers in business circles think investors view low wages with mixed emotions: while some foreign investors look at low wages as a sure means of maximizing profits, others see them as a sure way of reducing purchasing power in the market which could subsequently mean low sales. On the other hand, government economists argue that it is better to maintain low wages that the national economy can support rather than high wages that will lead to high inflation. FKE argues that â€Å"In raising minimum wages they are guided by certain factors like the ability of the economy,† To sustain any level of minimum wages, FKE says, other factors come into play like the level of unemployment in the country as well as the ability of the small employers to pay. FKE believes that COTU has to be realistic in its approach to the whole issue but FKE is studying COTU's demands. However, it should be noted all players i. e. the government, FKE and COTU concurs that unionizing casuals may be essential to safeguard the gains of all Kenyan workers. Low wages and limited benefits make casuals an attractive proposition for companies trying to cut costs. Discussion The exploding population will only exacerbate the situation as more and more workers enter a work market incapable of keeping pace with this growth. As the population growth continues to outpace the growth of jobs, employers will have increasing leverage to demand concessions from both workers and their unions. Kenya's labor movement must somehow address these issues if it is to continue to make progress on worker's rights. References Campell, 1 (2004) ‘Casual work and casaulisation: how does Australia Compare’? Labour and Industry, 15(2): 85-111. – (2007) ‘long working hours in Australia: working-time regulation and employer Pressures' Economic and Labour relation Review, 17(2): 37-68. – (2008a) ‘Australia: institutional changes and workforce fragmentation’, S. Lee and F Eyraud (eds) Globalization, Flexibilization and working condtion in Asia And the Pacific London: Chandos (2008b) ‘Pressing towards full employment? The persistence of underemployment in Australia’, Journal of Australian Political Economy, 61:0156-80. Cooney, S. , Howe, J. and Murray, J. (2006) ‘Time and money under Workchoices: Understanding the new workplace Relations Act as a scheme of regulation’, UNSW Law Journal 29(1): 215-41. Hunter, R. (2006) ‘the legal orudution of precarious work’, in j Fudge and R. Owens (eds) Precarious Work, Women and the new economy: the challenge to legal norms, Oxford: Hart. Junor, A. 1998) ‘permanent part-time work: new family-friendly standard or high Intensity cheap skills? ’, Labour and Industry, 8(3): 77-95. Pocock, B. , Buchanan, J. and Campbell, I. (2004) ‘Meeting the challenge of casual Work in Australia: evidence, past treatment and future policy’, Australia bulletin Of Labour, 30(1): 16-32 Pocock B. , Prosser, R. and Bridge, K. (2004) ‘Only a casual†¦ ‘: how casual work Affects employees, households and communiti es in Australia, Discussion Paper, Adelaide: Labour studies, university of Adelaide. Okougbo, E. 2004. Strategic Issues on the Dynamics of Industrial Relations: Theory and Practice. Lagos: Wepoapo Enterprise. Weber, M. 1947. Protestant Ethics and Spirit of Gapitalism Tham, J-c (2007) ‘Towards an understanding of standard employment relationships Under Australian labor law’, Australian journal of labor law, 20(2): 123-58. Walsh, J. and Deery, s. (1999) ‘understanding the peripheral workforce: evidence From the service sector’, Human resource management Journal, 9(2): 50-63.
Friday, January 3, 2020
FBI Uniform Crime Report - 1064 Words
Uniform Crime Reporting Gabriel Padua CJA/314 January 20, 2015 Paulina Solis Uniform Crime Report Ever wonder how crimes are measured? What is FBI Uniform Crime Report data? How these Crime Statistics are produce? And how is burglary define? FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Data The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program is one of the two ways crime rates are measured in the United States. The Uniform Crime Reports (n.d.) website, UCR is the starting place for law enforcement executives, criminal justice students, members of the media, researchers, and the public seeking information on crime in the nation. The idea of the program was conceived in 1929 by the International Association of Chiefs of Police to meet the need for reliable†¦show more content†¦According to the 2013 Uniform Crime Reports (n.d.) website, the city of Los Angeles has a population of 3,878,725 and had 15,728 burglaries reported to the police. Making the rate total Groups of 100,000 People of 38.78725 and Instances of Crime Per Capita of 405.49407343908115. Also according to the 2013 Uniform Crime Reports†(n.d.) website, the city of Anaheim has a population of 345,320 and had 1,412 burglaries reported to the police. Making the rate total Groups of 100,000 people of 3.4532 and instances of Crime Per Capita of 408.8960963743774. The area of Anaheim in compare with Los Angeles has 3.4020229352963 more Crime Per Capita. Even though Anaheim has approximately 10 times less the population it has a bit more of Crime Per Capita. There are many factors that might explain the differences in the rates for example unemployment, the relationship between the community and the police departments, and possibly the ratio between social classes of high class, middle classes and low classes. Also any political agendas, or even laws could affect the social economical differences between metropolitan cities, disregarding the size of the population. Conclusion The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program is one of the two ways crime rates are measured in the United States. These Crime Statistics are produced from data received from over 18,000 city,Show MoreRelatedFbi s Uniform Crime Report935 Words  | 4 Pagesthe second-lowest rate of property crime and violent crime in 2011 among the largest cities in Maricopa County, based on the city’s analysis of the latest FBI statistics†(Arthur, n.d.). Could social economic play a role in Surprise, Arizona’s low violent and property crime rate? Or could it be sufficient guardians set in place formal (police, security guards, etc.) and/or informal (neighbor, friends and others, etc.)? â€Å"According to the FBI’s Uniform Crime Report for 2011 as analyzed the SurpriseRead MoreRacist Police Shootings And Its Impact On America884 Words  | 4 Pagesdefinitely proud of their heritage of editorial and commercial independence. They may even claim that they serve no master except the liberal credo of individual freedom and open markets. But the truth, however, is that a large percentage of media reports in America involve a certain amount of looking people straight in the eye and lying to them. In this paper, I will validate this claim by comparing their coverage of what is termed â€Å"racist police shootings†with the available facts and figures usingRead MoreScience Merit And Scientific Merit1696 Words  | 7 Pagesregards to missing data or data gap within the UCR (Uniform Crime Report) system. 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Thursday, December 26, 2019
Breast Cancer The Most Common Cause Of Death Among Women...
Breast cancer is the most common cause of death among women (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016). The latest data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (C.D.C.) state that in 2013 230,815 women in the United States were diagnosed with breast cancer, and in 2013 40,860 women died from breast cancer (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016). From 2002 to 2012, the occurrences of a breast cancer diagnosis remained at an even level, however the death rate from breast cancer decreased by 1.9% per year (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016). Mammography has been used for years to detect breast cancer and is considered the most effective tool to identify breast cancer (Komen, 2016). However, the recommendations for mammography screening have recently been challenged by the U.S. Preventative Service Task Force (U.S.P.S.T.F.). 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Tuesday, December 17, 2019
Telling A Story That Stirs Emotion - 1138 Words
1. Telling a story that stirs emotion: In every successful, and in some cases unsuccessful, presentation I witnessed, the one quality that stood out the most was the speakers ability to tell stories. In Nancy Duarte’s book, Resonate, she states many times that storytelling is the core of a good presentation. Every presenter either weaved information within their stories, or their stories were meant to elaborate a point. Elazari told stories about hackers throughout the world, illustrating her point that not all hackers are negative. Okolloh’s personal tales propelled the audience to take a different perspective on things. No matter the case, every performer laced a tale of some sort to compel the audience, with the exception of Varoufakis who choose to skip narratives and go straight to facts. 2. Relate to the audience: The presenters all sought to relate and connect with the audience beyond the scope of the performer/spectator dynamic. Instead they chose to relate to them on a human level. Again, from Duarte’s book, she spoke about how the presenter should have humility and link with the audience through shared goals, beliefs, values, or lifestyles. Okolloh related to the audience through their shared African heritage and pride. Varoufakis chose to relate to the audience through the human desire for a better future. Though they might have used different tactics, both connected with the audience on a deeper level. 3. Opening with a story: connected to the first trait, allShow MoreRelatedTruth and Troop Hardships in a Chapter of The Things They Carried901 Words  | 4 PagesThroughout Tim OBriens short work How to tell a true war story OBrien has two reoccurring themes. One is of the desensitization of the troops during their hardship regarding the events of the Vietnam War, and the other is of the concept of truth. Truth may seem simple enough to explain, but is in fact endowed with many layers. The story is chalked full of contradictions, as well as lies, and embellishments, and yet OBrien claims that these are the truth. The truth, whether it be war orRead MoreJustifying Evil for Good is Cruel912 Words  | 4 Pages†Erin Murphy, expresses that although bullying is wrong, trying to justify bad deeds for good is equally cruel. Using rhetorical and tonal elements, Murphy stirs emotions with pathos, â€Å"perhapsing†with logos, and vivid images with diction. Murphy expresses how justifying bad deeds for good is cruel by first stirring the reader’s emotions on the topic of bullying with pathos. In â€Å"White Lies,†Murphy shares a childhood memory that takes the readers into a pitiful classroom setting with Arpi, a LebaneseRead MoreThe Art Of Manipulation : Iago s Genius Plan932 Words  | 4 PagesManipulation: Iago’s Genius Plan Who doesn’t love a good villain? 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An example of this comes from the eleventh paragraph of the speech: â€Å"I can’t even talk the way theseRead MoreThe Place I Am Referencing Is The World State From Aldous Huxley s Brave New World1483 Words  | 6 Pagescould lead to one’s unhappiness was eliminated. There would be no family, no love, and no emotions. There can be no forms of high art that stir up revelry in people. These things lead only to heartbreak, loss, and depression in the eyes of this world’s leaders. With these negative emotions, the utopian society cannot achieve social stability. However, a new drug, Soma, does away with any negative emotions and makes life a â€Å"joyful place.†The place I am referencing is the World State from AldousRead MoreEssay on Comparing Hawthornes and Melvilles Works915 Words  | 4 Pageswriting is based more in intellect than emotion.nbsp; Also both men write about the nightmarish descent into madness. Herman Melvilles Moby Dick is an excellent example of this descent into madness.nbsp; Through his narrative Melville reveals Ahabs insanity.nbsp; In fact Ahab himself says, but Im demoniac, I am madness maddened (Melville, 166)!nbsp; This is said in response to the fact that the crew, especially Starbuck, think hes mad.nbsp; As the story goes on the depths of Ahabs madnessRead MoreI Know Why The Caged Bird Sings By Maya Angelou Analysis840 Words  | 4 Pagesher 1969 autobiography, I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings. Angelou has inspired many people by telling her life story to the public, but not only did she inspire, she also created a very different and personal point of view of the world we live in. The poem’s she has written transition from pain and suffering or to courage and confidence. Nonetheless, even though Angelou wrote mostly about anguished emotions due to her past relations, her poetry expresses what she cannot demonstrate through actionsRead MoreWilliam Word sworth s Use Of Language, Imagery, Narration, Rhythm, Tone, And Points Of Style1505 Words  | 7 Pagesto the most tragic settings enables him to show what it means to be a child in the radical Romantic period. To Wordsworth, â€Å"poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings; it takes origin from emotion recollected in tranquility†(111). Therefore, his purpose of poetry is to evoke emotion from the reader or listener. He wants the short poems to make his audience think and reflect in a pleasant manner. In this case, pleasant is defined as a mean between two extremes: temperateness. MoreRead MoreComparing the Ways in Which a Tabloid Newspaper and a Broadsheet Newspaper Treat the Same News Story976 Words  | 4 PagesComparing the Ways in Which a Tabloid Newspaper and a Broadsheet Newspaper Treat the Same News Story The death of John Thaw was announced in national newspapers on the Friday 22nd of February 2002. In my essay I am going to compare the story of John Thaws death from two newspapers. These newspapers are the Mirror, which is a tabloid and the Times which is a broadsheet. Tabloid newspapers include the Sun, Star, and Mirror. Broadsheet newspapers include the Gaurdian, TimesRead MoreThe Deadly Sins By Flannery O Connor And Edgar Allen Poe1590 Words  | 7 Pageschocolate cake from the refrigerator. Their Catholic readers may even make a visit to a nearby confession box. A Good Man is Hard to Find and The Cask of Amontillado are short dark stories that use iconic twists that lead to their victims executions. Deception is the unmistakable underling plot in both stories with O Connor s and Poe s common use of character traits curiosity and greed-differ, ironically they both choose the most significant yet very different events in the Catholic religion;
Monday, December 9, 2019
Fighting the Global AIDS Epidemic Essay Sample free essay sample
HIV/AIDS has been a current planetary issue in the intelligence since the find of the disease in the late 1970’s to now in 2013. Over three decennaries of new developments such as medicines. interventions. and diagnosed instances exist. Contending the planetary AIDS epidemic is still every bit much of a challenge today as it was yesterday. In the beginning. HIV/AIDS diagnosing was fundamentally a decease sentence. but since so 1000000s of dollars have been spent on researching the cause and consequence of the disease every bit good as intervention options available ( Investing daily. 2013 ) . I will explicate a macro-level intercession that might turn to the issue of AIDS epidemic. Then I will discourse the benefit of holding a psychologist involved. Last. I will depict a bottom-up. middle-out. and top-down alteration scheme a psychologist might utilize and explicate how he or she might utilize it. There are many who are non cognizant of their HIV/AIDS position and one macro-l evel intercession that might turn to that issue could be compulsory proving as a portion of annually physical tests. We will write a custom essay sample on Fighting the Global AIDS Epidemic Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Of class annually physical tests must foremost be compulsory for everyone if this intercession is to be effectual. In add-on to compulsory testing. informational informations on forestalling the spread and take downing the hazard of HIV/AIDS should be made available to everyone. The benefit of holding a psychologist involved in such an epidemic as HIV/AIDS is rather simple. The psychologist can help in the behavioural alteration that could assist with forestalling the spread of the disease by educating on a planetary graduated table. For illustration. there is a planetary HIV Prevention Working Group ( PWG ) that the psychologist can fall in and offer thoughts as a portion of this coaction among several other professionals. Reports from the PWG focal point specifically on behavioural HIV bar. Wider bringing of effectual behavior alteration schemes is cardinal to change by reversaling the planetary HIV epidemic and forestalling the spread of the disease itself. â€Å"Psychologists wh o seek to accomplish macro-level alteration may utilize a mixture of top– down. bottom– up. and middle–out strategies†( Stevens A ; Gielen. 2007 ) . Bottom- up scheme is used to psychologically act upon people by utilizing informed methods while accomplishing desired intercession results. A bottom-up alteration scheme that a psychologist might utilize in assisting with the HIV/AIDS epidemic could be advancing the usage of compulsory HIV/AIDS testing. This could be done by explicating to the people the importance of cognizing their HIV/AIDS position in order to assist cut down the spread of the virus. â€Å"Middle-out schemes attempt to act upon mid-level leaders. who in bend influence both leaders above them and their public constituencies†( Stevens A ; Gielen. 2007 ) . A middle-out alteration scheme that a psychologist may utilize to assist in the assistance of HIV/AIDS epidemic is to work together with other professional experts. particularly those who are superior. and assist act upon his/her sentiment upon them. If the psychologist. being a mid-level leader. can somehow act upon his/her professional sentiment upon those who are in superior places ( higher-level leaders ) . a societal alteration in behaviour may take topographic point making a decrease in the rise of HIV/AIDS. Top-down scheme can be used by the psychologist to act upon subnational. national. regional. or international governments. pressing them to implement psychologically informed policies and plans. For illustration. the psychologist can somehow carry the authorities to do a policy with the compulsory testing of HIV/AIDS for everyone by reasoning that it would assist diminish the spread of the disease itself. Mentions Shepard. Ben ( 2013 ) . Contending the Global AIDS Epidemic Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. investingdaily. com/16156/fighting-the-global-aids-epidemic on February 8. 2013 Stevens. M. J. . A ; Gielen. U. P. ( 2007 ) . Toward a planetary psychological science: Theory. research. intercession. and teaching method. Mahwah. New jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
Monday, December 2, 2019
Throughout History The Many Cultures Of The World Have Carried Certain
Throughout history the many cultures of the world have carried certain aspects of their lives with them since their origin. There is a variety of different languages, art forms, music, etc. that characterize a certain people. The aspect that has managed to stay alive throughout the ages is religion. From its origin to the present it has also sparked the most controversy. On one hand the religion characterizes a culture and having the same religion is a symbol of spiritual unity. On the other hand there is a controversy because a persons religion revolves around his individual beliefs and sometimes may not reflect the beliefs of the people as a whole. This essay will analyze a single religion, its origin and how it has split up into various sects, all having the same underlying faith but emphasizing different aspects of it. The aim of this paper is to prove whether Christianity religion has unified or divided the people in the past or present. First of all we will start with Monotheism, which means the belief in only one god. Monotheism originated with the Hebrews, who started in Sumer and migrated under the leadership of Abraham, whom God made a covenant with as described in the Bible. The Bible also tells of how God created heaven, Earth and all life in a process that took six days. The seventh day was blessed as a holy day and it was the day in which God rested. Of all God created his most prized possession was man whom was to have dominion over all creatures of the Earth (Genesis 1-2). Along with that it is believed that the Hebrews God made a covenant, or promise to the people that he will protect and guide them as long as they serve Him. Now the Bible still exists and is the basis for modern day Christianity and Judaism for many years. Also Monotheism has had an influence on the lives of those exposed to it. The Hebrews have accepted the belief in one God and use the ten commandments, which are a set of ten laws that defined how those faithful to Him should act in their own communities. On one hand monotheism has unified the Hebrew people and on the other it caused turmoil in the ranks of the Egyptian Empire, which believed in polytheism. The Egyptian Pharaoh Amenhotep IV made many changes that went against tradition. The most controversial was converting the Egyptian Empire from Polytheism to Monotheism. Amenhotep wanted to worship the Sun God, Aten, so he had any reference to all other gods removed from the temples of Egypt. He also changed his name to Akenaten to show that Aten was whom he worshipped. Akenatens reign was short and his religion did not last. It has been said that Akenaten was poisoned. This is a prime example of how an individuals beliefs contradict with that of the people and a possible result o f the conflict. Another religion that has affected its members is Christianity, which is an offspring of Monotheism. Christianity is a world-renowned religion that originated in Hebrew times, when the stories of the Bible actually took place. Christianity has its rivalry from the Jewish people, who in early days believed that all nations of the world hate Israel as said by Jonathan Sarna in his portion of the book, Uncivil Religion: Interreligious Hostility in America. There is no precise definition of Christianity because people who call themselves Christians worship under a denomination, or religious sects. The one idea that is common among all denominations is that there is one central God and he has a son named Jesus Christ who was nailed to the cross to die for the sins of the world. Then three days after his death he was resurrected and ascended into the Promise Land, or heaven as it is commonly known. Also all Christians use the Bible as a guide for life and living. Their main goal as Christians is to live the way that Christ did during his lifetime and to receive Salvation, which will insure them a safe journey to the Promise land. Christianity was a powerful world religion until individual beliefs split it into various factions.
Tuesday, November 26, 2019
The Debate About Tax Cuts
The Debate About Tax Cuts The debate that tax cuts may increase disposable income or reduce burden and boost economic growth is controversial and unsettled. Some believe increasing tax burden on corporate inversely affect the social welfare of the economy while others argue that they enhance growth.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Debate About Tax Cuts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Those who are not satisfied with the tax-cut arguments believe that the revenue earned from increased taxes can be directly invested in developmental activities. This essay discusses some of the arguments for and against reduction of corporate taxes and the way it may affect the social welfare of the economy. One of the arguments presented in support of tax-cut is that taxes have an overbearing burden on firms. The tax burden argument suggests that taxes already are overbearing burden on the organizations that pay them. These taxes are believed to directly a ffect the business revenue and/or increase the cost to the companies. More directly, taxes have a negative effect on the profit of the businesses. When profits are lowered, it reduces the capability of firms to expand their business, employ new people, or invest in newer avenues. Further, the supporters of this argument believe that as different states different tax burden, the businesses tend to move to states that keep the tax burden lower. In other words, the supporters of the tax-burden argument believe that with higher tax rates, the profit of firms are reduced therefore, reducing the capacity of companies to expand business. However, the tax-burden argument has certain flaws. Critics believe that state and local taxes on businesses have a relatively small burden operating costs and therefore have little effect on firm’s profit. These after-tax profits are also lower as these figures do not capture the real tax cut as the â€Å"tax incidence†(i.e. people who actu ally pays the taxes) are not considered while making these accounting calculations. Further, after-tax profits of the firms do not vary significantly after the state taxes are applied to their profits. This is so because the federal taxes have a leveling effect on the state and local taxes deductions. Further, taxes provide support to the public, which in a way is aimed to reduce costs of businesses. Therefore, taxes are not essentially burden to the firms. Therefore, understanding the pros and cons of the tax-cut arguments shows that state and local taxes have a small burden on the businesses and are unlikely to affect their operating costs.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another prevalent argument for tax-cut is supply side argument. It is argued that tax cuts allow firms to increase their profit and therefore their savings, which is directly invested towards ec onomic growth. Individual tax cuts also enhance the propensity of people to save more and therefore increases their desire to earn more. In case of businesses, applying similar argument, it can be intuitively deduced that lower taxes would increase profit, and therefore, higher liquidity to invest in different areas of business. Some of the problems with the supply side argument are that research demonstrates that the positive effect of tax cut as an incentive to worker more is grossly overestimated. The second problem with the argument is that tax cuts may actually act as a negative impetus to work as people will have more disposable income with lower taxes and therefore may feel less need to work. Evidence shows that as after-tax income has increased over the years, people have chosen to retire earlier in their work-life-span, which actually shows that tax-cuts may lead to the desire to work less. Further, supply-side tax cuts may increase income inequality between those who work hard and those who do not. So the critics argue that as tax is not related to work effort but directly to income, income inequality may not induce greater work. On the other hand, greater inequality of income may increase the amount of the dissolution among those who fail earn more. Further, even if there is a greater savings among individuals of a state due to tax-cut, overall it will have very little effect on differential savings in comparison to other states, and therefore, lead to very little investments. The supply side tax-cut arguments do not fully comprehend the demand side effect of tax cuts that are more likely to reduce economic growth. The demand side argument for tax cuts is that economic growth and businesses grow as people spend more or have higher demand. Hence, with tax cuts, which would lead to greater disposable income, individuals can spend more, therefore increasing demand. Therefore, this is likely to increase jobs. This demand side argument has two weaknesses . First, state tax cuts do not have any significant effect on the spending impulse of individuals, therefore, not affecting demand. However, such tax cuts actually reduces local government revenue, and therefore, within state public spending. The second weakness is that demand side theory supports tax increase by local authorities. Proponents of tax-cuts believe that a reduction in local taxes would positively affect the business climate as it shows that the state being supporting of business. however, the weaknesses of this argument is that businesses are influenced by the mere concept of â€Å"perception†of a state being lenient. A firm’s decision to do business in a state is based on many more factors than just tax burden. The second reason against this argument is that it may negatively influence the business climate.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Debate About Tax Cuts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn Mo re Lower taxes, it is argued, would make the local governments more competitive in attracting businesses for it is assumed that states engage in economic competition amongst each other. However, certain weaknesses against this argument are that local governments must provide tax cuts and incentives to lure businesses and retain them in the state. However, such tax cuts may send out a wrong signal and give out a perception that the local body has difficulty in retaining businesses. State taxes are meant as revenue for local bodies to utilize it in local developmental activities. A reduction in the taxes would imply reduced income of the local bodies and directly affect the developmental activities. In order to enhance developmental activities, it is more advisable to redirect the revenue earned of taxes towards strengthening child education system. This would help many poor and underprivileged children would otherwise receive no education and proper way of life. Child develop ment programs actually help in enhancing the intellectual and educational capability of the children. Further, such programs would also help in higher graduation rates from schools, leading to higher employability and consequently, earning. A better life earned through a better education would eventually lead to better health among the children. Higher incomes imply less welfare dependency, therefore reducing state burden, and lower crime rates. Eventually this would lead to greater government savings.
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